I would like to dedicate this post to an author I am editing right now (and should be editing right now) for causing me to do some fact checking on Smallpox (trying to find out if it was referred to as smallpox or small pox in Victorian England). Smallpox was horrible, much worse than I’d thought. In a city like London, which was filthy, death rates were high. I discovered from wiki that Lady Mary Wortley Montague, wife of the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, helped introduce the vaccine to Britain in–this is amazing to me–1721. In China, references to smallpox ‘vaccination’ were first mentioned in 1549, and history of ‘innoculation’ was shown in India from 1000BC. When Lady Wortley Montague was in the Ottoman Empire, she had her children vaccinated.
A smallpox epidemic hit London in 1721, and the Royal family were afraid of contracting the disease, and had heard of Lady Montague. They didn’t want the process tested on themselves, first, of course, but the condemned occupants of the Royal Prison provided test subjects. Most of them survived (there was still a small percentage of people who did fall ill and die from the innoculation, but it was not as high a chance, by far, of contracting it and living). Lady Montague pushed to get as many people vaccinated as possible, and vowed she would fight any doctors who argued with her.
The World Health Organization eradicated smallpox in 1977.
I’m not exactly sure what to start with next. I’m sure there were people who weren’t having their children vaccinated before this, but the emergence of autism–which first was recognized as a neurological difference in 1910 by a Swiss psychiatrist named Eugen Bleuler while he was trying to define symptoms of schizophrenia–and used the phrase autismus to mean “morbid self-admiration”– “autistic withdrawal of the patient to his fantasies, against which any influence from outside becomes an intolerable disturbance.” Kuhn R; tr. Cahn CH. Eugen Bleuler’s concepts of psychopathology. Hist Psychiatry. 2004;15(3):361–6. doi:10.1177/0957154X04044603. PMID 15386868. The quote is a translation of Bleuler’s 1910 original.
The word autism first took its modern sense in 1938 when Hans Asperger of the Vienna University Hospital adopted Bleuler’s terminology autistic psychopaths in a lecture in German about child psychology.[180] Asperger was investigating an ASD now known as Asperger syndrome, though for various reasons it was not widely recognized as a separate diagnosis until 1981.[178] Leo Kanner of the Johns Hopkins Hospital first used autism in its modern sense in English when he introduced the label early infantile autism in a 1943 report of 11 children with striking behavioral similarities.[34] Almost all the characteristics described in Kanner’s first paper on the subject, notably “autistic aloneness” and “insistence on sameness”, are still regarded as typical of the autistic spectrum of disorders.[49] It is not known whether Kanner derived the term independently of Asperger.[181]
I have to give the wiki link because the actual citations simply won’t format correctly, despite my having tried multiple methods, calling them some not very nice names, and then the blue boxes came, and that was it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism
I only give this information because many don’t know the origins. Or that for a very long time, mothers of children with autism were blamed as causing the condition themselves. Refrigerator mothers, they were called. The psychiatrists couldn’t find any cause, so they blamed the parent. Autism is such an individual, all-pervasive disorder, I don’t blame parents for jumping at any straw of hope. So when the article appeared in The Lancet, Britain’s leading and very well respected medical journal, by Andrew Wakefield, linking vaccinations to autism in 1998, I imagine parents stopped having their children vaccinated in droves.
As a result of that, in the United States (I can’t speak for other countries, and this blog has gone in a direction I hadn’t predicted, which I should have predicted), measles is on the rise, and there are occasional outbreaks large enough to draw attention by the Center for Disease Control. Meningitis turns up in colleges and high schools. Whooping cough I got to witness first hand when my boyfriend’s daughter caught it. She was coughing for over three months. It was horrible. But that’s on the rise again. Tuberculosis is coming back. Polio breaks out in little areas. Ah–here are some cases of outbreaks:
- A 2002–2003 outbreak of measles in Italy, “which led to the hospitalizations of more than 5,000 people, had a combined estimated cost between 17.6 million euros and 22.0 million euros”.
- A 2004 outbreak of measles from “an unvaccinated student return[ing] from India in 2004 to Iowa was $142,452”.
- A 2006 outbreak of mumps in Chicago, “caused by poorly immunized employees, cost the institution $262,788, or $29,199 per mumps case.”
- A 2007 outbreak of mumps in Nova Scotia cost $3,511 per case.
- A 2008 outbreak of measles in San Diego, California cost $177,000, or $10,376 per case.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine_controversy
Unfortunately, that’s more concentrated on money than the number of people involved. Not listed here are outbreaks in Ireland and the UK.
Let’s get back to Mr. Wakefield. As might be guessed from the title of the article those numbers came from, yes, his article in The Lancet was entirely and completely a fraud. “Investigations by Sunday Times journalist Brian Deer revealed that Wakefield had multiple undeclared conflicts of interest,[2][3] had manipulated evidence,[4] and had broken other ethical codes. The Lancet paper was partially retracted in 2004 and fully retracted in 2010, and Wakefield was found guilty by the General Medical Council of serious professional misconduct in May 2010 and was struck off the Medical Register, meaning he could no longer practice as a doctor.[5] In 2011, Deer provided further information on Wakefield’s improper research practices to the British medical journal, BMJ, which in a signed editorial described the original paper as fraudulent.[6][7] The scientific consensus is that no evidence links the vaccine to the development of autism, and that the vaccine’s benefits greatly outweigh its risks.”
I have been trying to add the citations here, and they are simply not working with me, so here’s the link to the article.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine_controversy#Disease_outbreaks
Medical professionals still consider it one of the most damaging articles written in terms of medicine, however, because there are still plenty of opponents to vaccinations, even when the Autism Science Foundation itself has come out with proof there is no link, with numerous studies:
http://www.autismsciencefoundation.org/autismandvaccines.html
That’s it for the spiel on autism and vaccines. There are chromosomes that are different, but nothing definitive. There are genetic links. There may be environmental links. No one has pinned it down. It may be a while before they do. Maybe it’s more than one thing. I don’t know. No one does. I have worked with children who are low functioning to children who are higher functioning, but know more about low functioning, mostly non-verbal students with autism.
I do have this to say to parents of children with autism. You must be exhausted, past the point many people would understand. If you could figure out a way to bottle the energy your children have and bottle it, you’d be millionaires. They’re Houdinis. Some are masters of escape, which is terrifying. Some of your children may be in their thirties, yet you know all the names of Thomas’ friends. That’s hard, because it’s not “socially acceptable,” but you know what? That’s your child, and it’s what makes him or her happy, and that’s okay. I’m 44, 45 (I accidentally typed 35, then 25 when I tried to correct that–it’s getting better and better–I’m dropping age by the decade!) in January. I go play in toystores with no children with me. I don’t have children, even, except for my boyfriend’s daughter, who’s now fourteen and too cool to be in a toystore. If it’s okay for me to do, why not for someone with autism? It’s not “age-appropriate” for me, either. I choose to go, why can’t the public accept that someone with autism might choose to go given the choice? I wish I could change the world to make your work as parents easier, to make society more tolerant. I worked with individuals with disabilities for eleven years, and to tell you the truth, I really, honestly like working with people with disabilities best. It’s a completely blanket statement, but I feel pretty secure in the knowledge if I ask someone if my hat looks stupid (and it does), they’ll say yes. Should I stop singing? Yes on that as well. Also true. And even though we’re not supposed do, sometimes I’ll ask if they want to hold my hand when we cross the street (we’re supposed to be teaching independence, after all). Yes. And I thank them, because that isn’t for them, it’s for me. At 44, I feel funny crossing the street without holding someone’s hand. They don’t think anything of it. I don’t even get asked why, it’s just done. You know exactly where you stand, and your chances of getting stabbed in the back (unless it’s accidental, and hopefully it’s something short that’s sharp) are pretty much nil. The students I worked with could be so funny, once you get to know them and understand their sense of humor. Yes, I suppose if you really don’t want to do a task, taking the pieces of paper and putting them under the tub–clear–is one way to get rid of them. The first time you hear an eight year old say, when you’re trying to get them to pick their name out of three, “I just can’t take it any more,” with perfect inflection, and you know they’re just being echolalic, but it’s so perfect for the moment. I looked at him and said after a moment (I did laugh, I confess), “You know what, I can’t either. Let’s do something different.” And then later you hear the same child saying loudly from another workstation, “No bananas, no bananas,” you wonder what on earth has happened with bananas to engender that response. But he laughs when I make up songs with nonsense words and has a smile that lights up a room. And you think a child isn’t listening when you tell them the noise they’re hearing is a squirrel, but later that day they’re talking about animals and you hear them say “skurl,” it just tugs your heartstrings. So, Parents of these exceptional, and I do mean exceptional in every way, because I know it’s hard, so hard for you to have to work everything out when you’re still at work and school lets out, and you have them on the weekends, and they’re only at school for 6 hours a day (I do have say, I think they’re glad to be done with us when they leave, sometimes), thank you. Your children have little sparks in them that brighten the world and make it a better place, because they see things we don’t. Sometimes you literally do have to get into the position they’re in, even if it’s lying on the floor looking backward through your hand and you realize, “Oh! If you look at that curtain on the building you can see through the window this way that it looks like a dog.” They have taught me a lot. I’ve gotten strange looks even from my co-workers. I’m really interested in communication, especially with non verbal or children with emerging speech. Your children could teach everyone a lot if others would only listen. It’s their loss if they don’t.
And it’s not all doom and gloom for the future. The fourteen year old I mentioned older is now going to high school where my boyfriend and I first met, in the Life Skills classroom. I’ll just add she is much, much more together at fourteen than I was. She knows a lot more about people with disabilities from her dad and I, and she makes an extra effort to say hi to everyone in the Life Skills classroom and says she’s always so surprised at how happy it seems to make them. Her dad and I told her it’s because no one generally says hi–people pretend like they’re invisible. But she won’t. And she’s hoping if her friends see her doing it, they’ll start to as well. She’s stood up to a teacher who kept talking about meat (?) in class, and she’s vegan. She talked to him after class, told him she was vegan, and it upset her how much he mentioned meat. He said he didn’t realize how much he did, and he actually has cut down on how much he refers to it. She wants to write the school board and tell them how detrimental stress is to students and that they should teach a class on stress management. She just might shake some things up, this young woman. 🙂 Good for her. I told her she’s figuring things out thirty years before I did.
I didn’t mean for the whole post to be about autism, but for industrialized countries, that one article did a tremendous amount of damage. People still hold it up as evidence despite everything. What I wanted to mention is what’s happening in other parts of the world. There is a definite possibility of a polio epidemic in Syria right now, and the health organizations can’t get to the children because of fighting. There are possible epidemics in other countries as well, and I just wanted to give the links to some of the organizations active in those areas. There are also interesting things happening I didn’t know about–it’s nice to see people with money doing something altruistic with it.
http://www.unicef.org/immunization/index_bigpicture.html
UNICEF’s page actually has a lot of information. If you have a kiddo doing a research that has to do with health, this might be a good place to check. You can look up statistics on each country.
http://www.who.int/topics/vaccines/en/
World Health Organization’s page.
http://www.gavialliance.org/delivering/
This is an interesting one I didn’t have a chance to really explore yet. It’s a joint effort between UNICEF, The World Bank, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the World Health Organization, and it’s about immunizations, but also collecting stories. It opens on a map of the world, with an interactive grid–there aren’t a ton of places yet, but I think it’s a fairly new organization. It’s very interactive. I see the Gates part there.
Now back to editing. All because of smallpox. I’ve been thinking about the polio issue in Syria a lot and what the results of that would possibly mean for the children. It makes part of me just want to volunteer and go there. The rest of me is too afraid to even consider it, and that makes me sad, that I believe in helping children yet I can’t face what they do everyday.
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